FRIEDBERG ECONOMICS INSTITUTE

ื›ืœื›ืœื”, ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื•ืฉื’ืฉื•ื’ | ืกืžื™ื ืจ ื”ืื‘ื™ื‘
ืื™ืจื•ืข ืขื‘ืจ

29.03.2015-2.04.2015, ืจืืฉื•ืŸ - ื—ืžื™ืฉื™

ืžื™ืงื•ื: ืžืœื•ืŸ ืื•ืจื›ื™ื“ืื” ืžืฆืคื” ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื (ืžืขืœื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื”)

ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืฉ"ืœ ืžื›ื•ืกื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช. 29 ื‘ืžืจืฅ - 2 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2015.

ืžื”ื™ ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช? ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื•ืฉื’ืฉื•ื’? ื‘ื•ืื• ืœืœืžื•ื“, ืœื”ืขืžื™ืง ื•ืœืฉื•ื—ื— ืขื ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ื•ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื”ื”ืจืฉืžื” ืคืชื•ื—ื” ืœืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื”ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืฉื•ืืคื™ื ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช, ืืฉืจ ื”ืฉืœื™ืžื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืื—ืช. ื”ืกืžื™ื ืจ ื™ื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžื”ืจืฆืื•ืช, ืžืคื’ืฉื™ ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช, ื•ืกื™ื•ืจ. ื ื“ืจืฉืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื‘ืจืžื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”, ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืกืžื™ื ืจ ื™ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช.

ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, 29 ื‘ืžืจืฅ

15:00-17:30ืฆ'ืง ืื™ืŸ
18:30-19:00ืงื‘ืœืช ืคื ื™ื
19:00ืืจื•ื—ืช ืขืจื‘
ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืื™ื™ื–ื ื‘ืจื’, ืžื™ื™ืกื“ ื•ืžื ื”ืœ ืงืจืŸ ื”ื•ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืืœืฃ
Economic Freedom and Entrepreneurship



ื™ื•ื ืฉื ื™, 30 ื‘ืžืจืฅ

7:00ืืจื•ื—ืช ื‘ื•ืงืจ
8:30-10:00ืจืืก ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ืก, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืกื˜ื ืคื•ืจื“
ื”ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื“ ื”ื ืขืœืžื”
10:00-10:30ื”ืคืกืงื”
10:30-12:00ื—ื•ื–ื” ืคื™ื ื™ื™ืจื”, ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืงืื˜ื•
ืจืคื•ืจืžืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื‘ืฆ'ื™ืœื”
12:00-13:30ืืจื•ื—ืช ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื
14:00-15:30ืขื•ืžืจ ืžื•ืื‘, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื•ื•ืจื•ื•ื™ืง, ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื‘ื™ื ืชื—ื•ืžื™
ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช: ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช | ื—ืœืง 1: ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื
15:30-15:45ื”ืคืกืงื”
15:45-17:15ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื“ื™ื•ืŸ: 4 ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช, 4 ื ื•ืฉืื™ื
19:00-20:00ืืจื•ื—ืช ืขืจื‘
20:15-21:45ืกืจื˜



ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, 30 ื‘ืžืจืฅ

7:00ืืจื•ื—ืช ื‘ื•ืงืจ
8:30-10:00ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ ื’ื‘ืขืชื™, ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช
ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื” ื•ืžืžืฉืœื”: ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืžืคื™ืจื™ื•ืช
10:00-10:30ื”ืคืกืงื”
10:30-12:00ืขื•ืžืจ ืžื•ืื‘, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื•ื•ืจื•ื•ื™ืง, ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื‘ื™ื ืชื—ื•ืžื™
ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช: ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช | ื—ืœืง 2: ื”ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™
12:00-13:30ืืจื•ื—ืช ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื
14:30ืกื™ื•ืจ: ื™ืงื‘ ื‘ืจืงืŸ
19:00-20:00ืืจื•ื—ืช ืขืจื‘
ืžืคื’ืฉ ื•ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืœื ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ ืขื ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช



ื™ื•ื ืจื‘ื™ืขื™, 1 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ

7:00ืืจื•ื—ืช ื‘ื•ืงืจ
8:30-10:00ืจืืก ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ืก, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืกื˜ื ืคื•ืจื“
ืฆืžื™ื—ื”, ืขื•ื ื™ ื•ืื™ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ
10:00-10:30ื”ืคืกืงื”
10:00-10:30ื—ื•ื–ื” ืคื™ื ื™ื™ืจื”, ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืงืื˜ื•
ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืฆ'ื™ืœื™ืื ื™
12:00-13:30ืืจื•ื—ืช ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื
14:00-15:30ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ ื’ื‘ืขืชื™, ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช
ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื”: ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื˜ ืขืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื›ืœื›ืœื™
15:30-15:45ื”ืคืกืงื”
15:45-17:15ืจืืก ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ืก, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืกื˜ื ืคื•ืจื“
"ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื, ืื•ื‘ืจ ื•ืฆ'ื™ืคืก": ืฉื™ื—ื” ืขืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื›ื›ืœื›ืœืŸ
19:00ืืจื•ื—ืช ืขืจื‘ ื•ืฉื™ื—ื” ืขื ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื
ืฉื™ื—ื” ืขื ืคื•ืจื•ื ืงื”ืœืช ืœื›ืœื›ืœื”: ื”ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ื•ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืจืคื•ืจืžืช ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ



ื™ื•ื ื—ืžื™ืฉื™, 2 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ

7:00ืืจื•ื—ืช ื‘ื•ืงืจ
8:30-10:00ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื•ื”ืขืจื›ื”
10:30ืกื™ื•ื



Michael Eisenbergืžื™ื›ืืœ ืื™ื™ื–ื ื‘ืจื’

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Michael Eisenberg is a Partner at Aleph, a $140MM early stage venture capital fund, which he co-founded with Eden Shochat in 2013. Michael joined Benchmark Capital as a general partner in July 2005 and continues as the partner responsible for Benchmarkโ€™s Israeli portfolio. Michael joined Benchmark from Israel Seed Partners where he was a general partner from 1997. Eisenberg began his career at Jerusalem Global where he started and led the firmโ€™s successful investment banking group and partnership with Montgomery Securities. Michael has focused on Internet investments since 1995 and has invested in and sat on the board of Israelโ€™s leading companies and start ups, such as Shopping.com (Nasdaq SHOP, acquired by EBAY), Conduit, SeekingAlpha, Gigya, WeWork, Wix, Answers.com (Nasdaq ANSW), Tradeum (acquired: VERT), and Picturevison (acquired: EK).

Economic Freedom and Entrepreneurship

ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืื™ื™ื–ื ื‘ืจื’ ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ืืœืฃ, ืงืจืŸ ื”ื•ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ 140 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ, ืื•ืชื” ื”ืงื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืขื“ืŸ ืฉื•ื—ื˜ ื‘2013. ืžื™ื›ืืœ ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœื‘ื ืฆโ€™ืžืจืง ืงืคื™ื˜ืœ ื›ืฉื•ืชืฃ ื›ืœืœื™ ื‘2005, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื›ืฉื•ืชืฃ ื”ืื—ืจืื™ ืขืœ ื”ืคื•ืจื˜ืคื•ืœื™ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื ืฆโ€™ืžืจืง ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืžื™ื›ืืœ ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœื‘ื ืฆโ€™ืžืจืง ื“ืจืš ืฉื•ืชืคื™ ืกื™ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ืชืฃ ืžืื– 1997. ืื™ื™ื–ื ื‘ืจื’ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื• ื‘ื’โ€™ืจื•ื–ืœื ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœ, ืฉื ื”ื•ื ื™ื–ื ื•ื™ื™ืฉื ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืžื•ื ื˜ื’ื•ืžืจื™ ืกืงื™ื•ืจื™ื˜ื™ืก. ืžื™ื›ืืœ ื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ืื ื˜ ืžืื– 1995, ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ื•ืขื“ ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืกื˜ืืจื˜-ืืคื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืฉื•ืคื™ื ื’.ืงื•ื, ืงื•ื ื“ื•ืื™ื˜, ืกื™ืงื™ื ื’ืืœืคื, ื’ื™ื’ื™ื, ื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืจืง, ื•ื•ื™ืงืก, ืื ืกืจืก.ืงื•ื, ื˜ืจืื“ื™ืื•ื ื•ืคื™ืงืฆโ€™ืจื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ.

Economic Freedom and Entrepreneurship

Russ Robertsืจืืก ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ืก

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Russell Roberts is the John and Jean De Nault Research Fellow at the Hoover Institution. He tries to make economics understandable to a general audience. Roberts hosts the weekly podcast EconTalk–hour-long conversations with authors, economists, and business leaders. Past guests include Milton Friedman, Nassim Taleb, Christopher Hitchens, Jimmy Wales, Joseph Stiglitz, and John Bogle. EconTalk was named podcast of the year in the 2008 Weblog Awards.

His latest book is The Price of Everything: A Parable of Possibility and Prosperity (Princeton University Press, 2008). Set on the Stanford campus, itโ€™s a novel that tells the story of wealth creation and the unseen forces around us creating and sustaining economic possibilities. He is also the author of The Invisible Heart: An Economic Romance (MIT Press, 2002) and The Choice: A Fable of Free Trade and Protectionism (Prentice Hall, 3rd edition, 2006). The Invisible Heart explores the economics and morality of the marketplace in the framework of a novel. The Choice, a novel on international trade policy and the human side of international trade, was named one of the top ten books of 1994 by Business Week and one of the best books of 1994 by the Financial Times.

A three-time teacher of the year, Roberts has taught at George Mason University, Washington University in St. Louis (where he was the founding director of what is now the Center for Experiential Learning), the University of Rochester, Stanford University, and the University of California, Los Angeles. He was a national fellow and visiting scholar at the Hoover Institution from 1985 to 1987. He holds a PhD in economics from the University of Chicago and received his undergraduate degree in economics from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

The Anatomy of the Invisible Hand

Growth, Povetry & Inequality

โ€œCats, Uber, and Potato Chipsโ€: An Interaction Session On Thinking Like an Economist

ืจืืก ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ืก ื”ื•ื ืขืžื™ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื‘ืจ. ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืขืœ ืœื”ื ื’ืฉืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืœืงื”ืœ ื”ืจื—ื‘. ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืžื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืคื•ื“ืงืืกื˜ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ EconTalk, ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืขื” ืขื ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื, ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ ืขืกืงื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžื ื•ืช ืืช ืžื™ืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ, ืงืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืคืจ ื”ื™ืฆ’ื ืก, ื’’ื•ื–ืฃ ืฉื˜ื™ื’ืœื™ืฅ ื•ืขื•ื“. ืจืืก ื›ืชื‘ ืกืคืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ืื•ืชื” ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ื’ืฉืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืœืงื”ืœ ื”ืจื—ื‘.

ืจืืก ืœื™ืžื“ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื’’ื•ืจื’’ ืžื™ื™ืกื•ืŸ, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืจื•ืฆ’ืกื˜ืจ, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืกื˜ืื ืคื•ืจื“, ื•ืื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”. ื”PHD ืฉืœื• ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื•ื ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืฉื™ืงื’ื•.

The Anatomy of the Invisible Hand

Growth, Povetry & Inequality

โ€œCats, Uber, and Potato Chipsโ€: An Interaction Session On Thinking Like an Economist

Josรฉ Piรฑeraื—ื•ื–ื” ืคื™ื ื™ื™ืจื”

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Cato Institute Distinguished senior fellow Josรฉ Piรฑera is co-chairman of Catoโ€™s Project on Social Security Choice and Founder and President of the International Center for Pension Reform. Formerly Chileโ€™s Secretary of Labor and Social Security, he was the architect of the countryโ€™s successful reform of its pension system. As Secretary of Labor, Piรฑera also designed the labor laws and introduced flexibility to the Chilean labor market and, as Secretary of Mining, he was responsible for the constitutional law that established private property rights in Chilean mines. Dr. Piรฑera now advises governments throughout the world on the establishment of personal account retirement systems. He has written for the Wall Street Journal, the Washington Post, the New York Times, Foreign Affairs, Wired, and several other publications. Pinera received an M.A. and a Ph.D. in economics from Harvard University.

How Market Reforms Transformed Chile

The Chilean Model

ื—ื•ื–ื” ืคื™ื ื™ื™ืจื”, ืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืงืื˜ื• ื”ื•ื ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื•ืžื™ื™ืกื“ ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืœืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื‘ืคื ืกื™ื”. ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืœื™ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ืฆ’ื™ืœื”, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื”ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคื ืกื™ื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื›ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ืœื™ื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืคื™ื ืจื” ืขื™ืฆื‘ ืืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื”ื›ื ื™ืก ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ืœืชื•ืš ืžืฉืง ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืฆ’ื™ืœื™ืื ื™, ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื›ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ื›ืจื™ื™ื”, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืื—ืจืื™ ืœื—ืงื™ืงื” ืฉื ืชื ื” ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืžื›ืจื•ืช ืฆ’ื™ืœ. ื“”ืจ ืคื™ื ืจื” ืžื™ื™ืขืฅ ื›ื™ื•ื ืœืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืขืœ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืคืจื™ืฉื” ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื. ื”ื•ื ืคืจืกื ืžืืžืจื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ืœ ืกื˜ืจื™ื˜ ื’’ื•ืจื ืœ, ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืกื˜, ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื˜ื™ื™ืžืก, ืคื•ืจืŸ ืืคืจืก, ื•ื•ื™ืจื“, ื•ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช. ืคื™ื ืจื” ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ืชืืจื™ื• ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“.

How Market Reforms Transformed Chile

The Chilean Model

Omer Moavืขื•ืžืจ ืžื•ืื‘

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Omer Moav is a professor of economics at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and at the University of Warwick, and a visiting professor at the IDC. He received his PhD in economics from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and spent a year at MIT as a post-doc fellow. Moav was awarded in 2012 the Landau prize from the Israeli mifal hapais for his achievements in research in macroeconomics, he was awarded the Rectorโ€™s prize from the Hebrew University in 2006 for his research and teaching, and served as the head of the advisory board to the Israeli minister of finance in 2009. Moav’s research focuses on economic growth and development and is published in the leading journals of economics. He often comments in the Israeli and international media on the Israeli economy.

ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช: ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช | ื—ืœืง 1: ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื

ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช: ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช | ื—ืœืง 2: ื”ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™

ืขื•ืžืจ ืžื•ืื‘ ื”ื—ืœ ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ืช 1993, ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 1995 ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ืกืžืš ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื” (ื‘ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื™ืชืจื”). ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ืกื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ืช 1999 ื•ืฉื‘ ืœืžื—ืœืงื” ืœื›ืœื›ืœื” ื›ืžืจืฆื” ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืช ืคื•ืกื˜-ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช MIT. ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜, ื‘ื ื•ืฉื “ืื™-ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ, ื ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ-ื“ื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ื”ื›ื ืกื”, ื•ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช”, ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ื‘ื”ื“ืจื›ืช ืคืจื•ืค’ ืขื•ื“ื“ ื’ืœืื•ืจ ื•ืคืจื•ืค’ ื™ื•ืจื ืžื™ืฉืจ. ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ืžืœืžื“ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื•ื•ืจื•ื•ื™ืง, ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื‘ื™ื ืชื—ื•ืžื™, ื•ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช.

ืžื•ืื‘ ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 2002 ื‘ืžืœื’ืช ืืœื•ืŸ ืœืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 2006 ื‘ืคืจืก ืจืงื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ื‘ื”ื•ืจืื”. ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2012 ื–ื›ื” ืžื•ืื‘ ื‘ืคืจืก ืžืคืขืœ ื”ืคื™ืก ืœืžื“ืขื™ื ื•ืžื—ืงืจ ืข”ืฉ ืœื ื“ืื• ื‘ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”: ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” – ืžืงืจื• ื›ืœื›ืœื”.

ืžื•ืื‘ ืžืคืจืกื ืืช ืขืžื“ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช-ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืคืจืฉ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ืจื™ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืคื™ืข ืœืขืชื™ื ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื›ืคืจืฉืŸ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื•ื›ืžื™ ืฉืงื•ืจื ืœืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ืฉื•ืง ื‘ืžืฉืง ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™.

ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช: ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช | ื—ืœืง 1: ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื

ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช: ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช | ื—ืœืง 2: ื”ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™

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ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ืงืžืช ืืชืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜